선박충돌사고의 조사모델개발에 관한 연구: 인간과실을 중심으로

Abstract

Increase of sea traffic causes continuous marine accidents and international organization, maritime industries and government authorities have been focusing on physical aspects of ship such as on-board automation control and reliability of machineries, etc to improve hard ware defects.

Despite the improvement of ships physical reliability, marine accidents have been occurring continuously by the reasons of increasing number of sub-standard ships operated by under-developed countries, reduction of crew numbers for competitiveness of crew cost, communication problems of multi national crews, cultural difference of crews and lack of training. Among the marine causual factors of accidents, operational mistake caused by human error is the major factor of collisions at sea.

To reduce marine accidents caused by human error, STCW Convention has been adopted and implementation of ISM Code, while training for Bridge Resource Management and others are reinforced.

To prevent recurrence of marine accidents, the causal factor of accidents must be eliminated through thorough investigation. However the authority concerned, Maritime Safety Tribunal, lacks infrastructure and qualified personnel as well as has not enough investigation techniques nor guidelines to analyse the causes of human error.

This study aims to develop systematic investigation model to collisions at sea focussed on the human error, which ocurred frequently and arises severe damages and to suggest improved investigation and analysis method for human error.

Research methods to develop investigation model are to survey the literatures and experience from the officer, master at sea and the judge at maritime safety tribunal.

1) For the theory of human error Guidelines for the Investigation of Human Factors in Marine Casualties and Incidents and analysis method for human error.

2) Human error aspect among various causes of collisions at sea during enroute.

3) Study investigation & analysis method of marine accidents of Maritime Safety Tribunal.

4) By integrating of above, develop investigation model to collisions at sea and verify the usefulness of developed investigation model.

Despite(Although there are) many studies on & analysis of ship collisions, it is not simple to categorize the primary causes in several groups. It is because marine accidents are caused by many factors needed to be considered such as the ship's size, type of ships, job fulfilment according to the seamen's competency, safety management system of the shipping company, navigating area and perils at sea.

Under this circumstance, the author I categorized models for identifying causes of ship collisions into 4 parts (General Factors, Management System, Watch-keeping, COLREG factors) and named GMWC(named from initials of each mode).

First, General factors are classified, as mid-range category, into natural environment, navigation area, governing laws & rules, ship, harbor facilities, Human(crew) factors, and each mid-range category breaks down to micro level.

For example, Human(crew) factors breaks down into sex, age, educational background, certificate of qualifications, attitude, on-board career, health condition, and knowledge of marine skill.

Second, Management system is divided into on-board management system & company management system. Company management system was categorized in mid-range such as crew management, labor matters, training & education and repair & maintenance, and if necessary it categorized into more details.

On-board management system was categorized in mid-range such as on-board based safe operation, general matters, training & education, maintenance of navigational equipment.

Third, Watch-keeping system is divided into general factors of watch-keeping and conning person's action carried out during the watch. Factors of general watch-keeping is categorized in mid-range such as personal matters of conning person and/or duty officer, ship's condition and watch-keeping status.

The overall matters regarding conning person's action carried out during the watch is described in flow chart.

The main content of conning person's action during the watch is expressed as follows. The reason why early detection of the other ship has failed, the reason why systematic observation is not carried out, and the reason why proper action was not undertaken after detection of the other ship before arriving in close distance.

Forth, COLREG factors is to find out the violation of the detailed collision avoidance actions to avoid collision as stipulated in COLREG-72 and other laws in a circumstances which the concerned ship was situated.

When investigate or analyse the cause of human factor by using the GMWC model developed by this study, first to investigate the observance of navigational rule, the decision of give-way vessel together with proper avoidance action was taken. And then find out the deficiencies of navigational watch keeping duty until avoidance action was performed by watch officer and point out that the cause was resulted by the deficiency of watch officer or on-board management system. This study suggests the solution to remedy the deficiencies found out.